The Shariah Parameters of Opposition to Non-Muslims in the Contemporary Era: A Research Study

Abstract

This study examines the Sharia parameters of opposition to non-Muslims in the contemporary world in the light of the Qur'an, Sunnah, and classical and contemporary Islamic jurisprudence. It explores the doctrinal foundations of alWalāʾ wa al-Barāʾ, the concept of resemblance to non-Muslims (tashabbuh bi alkuffār), the juristic classifications of non-Muslims, and the limits of jihād and international relations in modern contexts. The study argues that Islamic teachings do not prescribe indiscriminate hostility towards all non-Muslims; rather, they distinguish between hostile and non-hostile groups and establish principles of justice, benevolence, and fidelity to covenants. Furthermore, the study analyses contemporary challenges, including globalization, media influence, Muslim minorities, and international agreements, and highlights the need for a balanced and contextual application of Sharia principles that preserves Islamic identity while promoting justice and constructive coexistence.